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MCSE : Security Specialist

Dynamic IP Mapping

 

The advantage of dynamic tables that store IP mappings is that they are updated  automatically. To accomplish this, the dynamic tables use two services: Domain Name System (DNS) and Windows Internet Name Service (WINS). DNS and WINS perform the same functions as the Hosts and Lmhosts files, but without the need for manual configuration.

 

 

Domain Name System (DNS)

 

DNS is a method for naming computers and network services. TCP/IP networks use the DNS naming convention to locate computers and services through user friendly domain names. When a user enters a domain name in an application, the DNS service maps the name to an IP address. The DNS naming system is organized in a hierarchical fashion to allow scalability to large systems, such as the Internet. By using a hierarchical system to create domain names, the computers that store the domain name–to–IP address mapping records have mappings for only their area. These computers, known as DNS servers, only process queries for computers located in their respective areas. As the mappings in the area change, Windows 2003-based DNS servers are automatically updated with the new information.

 

 

 

Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)

 

WINS provides a distributed database for registering dynamic mappings of NetBIOS names used on a network. WINS maps NetBIOS names to IP addresses and allows NetBIOS names to be used across routers.

 

A WINS server is not required for a pure Windows 2003 network but is recommended for use in a mixed environment.

 

 

Name Resolution in Windows 2003

 

                         

 

Name resolution is the procedure by which a name is resolved, or mapped, to an IP address. When you enter a user-friendly name in an application, the application determines whether the name is a host or NetBIOS name. Current applications in Windows 2003 use the host name resolution process, but some older applications, such as those designed for Microsoft Windows NT, Windows 95, and Windows 98, still use NetBIOS names. If the name resolution process fails, then the application cannot communicate with the desired destination. If you use an IP address, name resolution is not needed.

 

 

Host Name Resolution Process

Host names can be resolved directly by the Hosts file or by a DNS server. The default name resolution procedure is as follows:

 

1. Computer A enters a command, such as FTP, by using the host name of Computer B.

2. Computer A checks to see if the specified name matches its local host name.

3. If not, then Computer A checks its Hosts file looking for Computer B’s host name. If it finds the host name, it resolves it to an IP address.

4. If Computer A does not find Computer B’s host name in the Hosts file, it sends a query to the DNS server. If the host name is found, it is resolved to an IP address.

5. If the host name is not found on the DNS server, Windows 2003 checks for the name in the NetBIOS name cache. It does this because Windows 2003 treats the NetBIOS name as the host name.

6. If the NetBIOS name cache does not have the host (NetBIOS) name, a query is sent to the WINS server.

7. If the WINS server cannot resolve the name, a broadcast message is sent out on the network.

8. If no host responds to the broadcast, the Lmhosts file is checked for the host (NetBIOS) name.

 


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