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MCSE : Security Specialist

IP plays an important role in transmitting data across internetworks. Packets are exchanged and processed on each computer by using IP at the Internet layer on the source computer, at routers along the path to the destination, and at the destination computer. To send data between two computers that are on different network segments, IP consults a local routing table for a route to the remote computer. If it finds a route, it sends the packet using that route. Otherwise, it forwards the data packets to its default router.

 

 

 

 

IP at the Source Computer

In addition to adding such information as the TTL, IP always adds the IP address of the destination computer to the packet. In the case of a direct delivery, ARP is used to add the MAC address of the destination computer. In the case of indirect delivery, ARP is used to add the MAC address of the router to which the packet will be forwarded.

 

IP at the Router

After the packet reaches a router, IP on the router determines where the packet is to be sent next. For this purpose, IP performs the following steps:

 

1. IP verifies the checksum and destination IP address. If the IP address is the router’s IP address, the router processes the packet as the destination computer (IP at the destination).

2. IP then decreases the TTL and checks its routing table for the best route to the destination IP address.

3. In the case of a direct delivery, ARP is used to add the MAC address of the destination computer. In the case of indirect delivery, ARP is used to add the MAC address of the router to which the packet will be forwarded.

 

This entire process is repeated at each router in the path between the source and destination computer until the packet reaches a router on the same segment as the destination computer.

 

Fragmentation and Reassembly

When a packet that is too large to be transmitted on the network arrives at a router, IP breaks up the packet into smaller packets before transmitting it onward. This process is known as fragmentation. All of the small packets are then routed to the remote network. Even if they travel through multiple routers, the fragments are reassembled only when all of the small packets that make up the entire data transmission reach the destination

computer. This process is known as reassembly.

 

 

IP at the Destination

When a packet is received at the destination computer, it is passed up to IP. IP on the destination computer verifies the checksum and destination IP address. IP then passes the packet to either TCP or UDP. Finally, the packet is passed to the destination application, based on the port number, for final processing. If at any time the TTL drops below zero or a step fails, such as if the destination application is not found, the packet is dropped and an ICMP packet may be returned. Although the delivery of an ICMP packet is not guaranteed, if TCP is used, then the original packet will be retransmitted.

 


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