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OS Fundamentals

Start Up

Windows 9x Start Up Process

1) The ROM BIOS Bootstrap Process

  • Power On Self-Test (POST) occurs
  • The master boot record and partition table are read

2) The Master Boot Record and Boot Sector

The master boot record determines the location of the boot partition by reading the partition table located at the end of the master boot record. Once the location of the boot partition is determined, the master boot record passes control to the boot sector in that partition. The boot sector contains the disk boot program and a table of disk characteristics. The boot sector checks the BIOS Parameter Block (BPB) to find the location of the root directory, and then copies the Io.sys file from the root directory into memory.

3) The Io.sys File

  • A minimal file allocation table (FAT) file system is loaded
  • The MSDOS.SYS file is read
  • The Starting Windows message is displayed
  • The Logo.sys file is loaded and displays a startup image on the screen
  • If the Drvspace.ini or Dblspace.ini file exists, the Drvspace.bin or Dblspace.bin file is loaded into memory
  • The Io.sys file opens the System.dat file
  • The Dblbuff.sys file is loaded if the "DoubleBuffer=1" is in the Msdos.sys file
  • If you have multiple hardware profiles , the hardware profile you chose is loaded from the registry
  • The Io.sys file processes the Config.sys file

4) Real-Mode Configuration

Some hardware devices and programs require that drivers or files be loaded in real-mode in order for them to work properly. To ensure backwards compatibility with these types of hardware devices or programs, Windows 95 processes the Config.sys and Autoexec.bat files if they exist.

  • The Config.sys file loads drivers into memory. If the Config.sys file does not exist, the Io.sys file loads the following required drivers Ifshlp.sys, Himem.sys, and Setver.exe
  • Windows reserves all global upper memory blocks (UMBs) for Windows 9x operating system use or for expanded memory support (EMS).
  • The Autoexec.bat file loads files and terminate and stay resident (TSR) programs into memory

The Win.com File and the Windows 95 Environment

  • After the Autoexec.bat file is processed, the Win.com file is run
  • The Win.com file accesses the Vmm32.vxd file. If there is enough available RAM, the Vmm32.vxd file loads into memory, otherwise, it is accessed from the hard disk. This may result in a slower startup time. The Vmm32.vxd file is similar to the Win386.exe file used in earlier versions of Windows
  • The real-mode virtual device driver loader checks for duplicate virtual device drivers (VxDs) in the Windows\System\Vmm32 folder and the Vmm32.vxd file. If a VxD exists in both the Windows\System\Vmm32 folder and the Vmm32.vxd file, the duplicate VxD is "marked" in the Vmm32.vxd file so that it is not loaded.
  • The real-mode virtual device driver loader checks that all required VxDs loaded successfully. If not, it attempts to load the drivers again
  • Once the real-mode virtual device driver loading is logged, driver initialization occurs. If there are any VxDs that require real-mode initialization, they begin their process in real-mode.
  • Vmm32 switches the computer's processor from real-mode to protected- mode
  • After all the static VxDs are loaded, the Krnl32.dll, Gdi.exe, User.exe, and Explorer.exe (the default Windows 95 shell) files are loaded

 


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