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MCSE : Security Specialist GET CERTIFIED IN JUST 18 DAYS - 2003 PATH The need for worldwide standardization of technologies led to the creation of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). ISO is responsible for standardizing the methods by which computers communicate worldwide. To do so, ISO created a model for network communication, called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, or the OSI model.   OSI Model The OSI model divides network communications into seven layers. Each layer carries out specific functions in transmitting data on the network. Before data is moved through the layers of the OSI model, it must be divided into packets. A packet is a unit of information that is transmitted as a whole from one computer to another on a network. The network passes a packet from layer to layer, and at each layer some additional formatting is added to the packet.   The layer at which a protocol works describes the function of the protocol. Some protocols work only at particular layers of the OSI model.   OSI layer Function Application Layer Defines how applications interact with each other Presentation Layer Adds common formatting for data representation Session Layer Establishes and maintains communications channels Transport Layer Ensures error-free delivery of data Network Layer Addresses messages both within and between networks Data Link Layer Defines access methods for the physical medium, such as the network cable Physical Layer Puts the data on the physical medium