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MCSE : Security Specialist

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Introduction to TCP/IP

 

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is an industry standard protocol stack that is used for communication between Windows 2003-based computers. TCP/IP is designed for communication across

large-scale networks. The tasks involved in using TCP/IP in the communication process are distributed between protocols that are organized into four distinct layers of the TCP/IP stack. Each protocol in the TCP/IP stack has a distinct role in the communication process.

 

During the communication process, many applications may be in communication at the same time. TCP/IP has the ability to differentiate one application from another. TCP/IP identifies an application on one computer and

then moves the data from that application to an application on another computer.

 

TCP/IP Layers

TCP/IP uses a four-layer communication model to transmit data from one location to another. The four layers in this model are application, transport, Internet, and network interface. All protocols that belong to the TCP/IP

protocol stack are located in these layers of the model.

 

Application Layer

The application layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP stack. All applications and utilities are contained in this layer and use this layer to gain access to the network. The protocols in this layer are used for the formatting and exchange of user information. They include:

 

  • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP is used to transfer files that make up the Web pages of the World Wide Web.

 

  • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

FTP is used for interactive file transfer.

 

Transport Layer

The transport layer provides the ability to order and guarantee communication between computers and passes the data up to the application layer or down to the Internet layer. The transport layer also specifies the unique identifier of the application to which data is to be delivered.

 

The transport layer has two core protocols that control the method by which data is delivered. They are:

 

  • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP guarantees the delivery of data through an acknowledgement.

 

  • User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

UDP provides fast delivery of data but does not guarantee data delivery.

 

 

Internet Layer

The Internet layer is responsible for addressing, packaging, and routing the data that is to be transmitted. This layer contains four core protocols:

 

  • Internet Protocol (IP)

IP is responsible for addressing the data to be transmitted and getting it to its destination.

 

  • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP is responsible for identifying the media access control (MAC) address of the network adapter on the destination computer.

 

  • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

ICMP is responsible for providing diagnostic functions and reporting errors due to unsuccessful delivery of data.

 

  • Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

IGMP is responsible for the management of multicasting within TCP/IP.

 

 


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